different control strategies of bed temperature and moisture were investigated using various inlet air temperatures and air fluxes in both the ordinary packed bed bioreactor (without cooling water in the jacket) and the bioreactor with cooling water in jacket. the experiments were carried out within a 1-l solid-state packed bed bioreactor in which aspergillus niger was cultivated on wheat bran....

We show that a reduction in vertical mixing applied inside the Atlantic basin can drastically increase North Antlantic Deep Water (NADW) stability with respect to fresh water perturbations applied to the North Atlantic. This is contrary to the notion that the stability of the ocean’s thermohaline circulation simply scales with vertical mixing rates. An Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) revers...

The effect of vacuum pre-cooling process on leaf lettuce was a complex process of heat and mass transfers. Based on the physical properties of leaf lettuce in vacuum pre-cooling process, an unsteady computation model was constructed to analyze the factors affecting vacuum pre-cooling. Some factors such as the pre-cooling temperature, pressure and quantity of the spray-applied water were verifie...

The development of agriculture in Israel is strongly dependent upon the efficient use of irrigation water. Efficient use has led to a constant decrease in water consumption from an average of 8700 m/ha in 1951 to 5600 m/ha in 1990. In 1996, the Israeli farmer applies approximately 50% of the N and P2O5, and 65% of the K2O through fertigation. The Israeli experience is also applicable in China. ...

In this white paper, the warm water direct liquid cooling solution implementation in the CCS cluster solution is described. First, literature review of a range of direct liquid cooling solutions implemented in various competing vendors and their pros and cons are briefly presented. Design choices of datacenter cooling water distribution mechanisms (single loop vs primary/secondary loops), types...

Urban rainwater reuse preserves water resources and promotes sustainable development in rapidly growing urban areas. The efficiency of a large number of urban water reuse systems, operating under different climate and demand conditions, is evaluated here on the base of a new risk analysis approach. Results obtained by probability analysis (PA) indicate that maximum efficiency in low demanding s...

A model for heat-exchangers of heat-setting machine is proposed. First, techniques of heat exchangers in heat-setting machines is introduced. Then on basis of Newton cooling law, heat transfer formula is proposed. Third, three heat damps between oil, tube body and air are introduced respectively. According to basic heat transfer theory, equation for temperatures of heated air is obtained. Pract...

This article presents a transient model of a solar adsorption cooling system. A computer program has been developed to simulate the operation of a two bed silica gel- water adsorption cooling system as well as flat plate collectors and the hot water storage tank. This program is then utilized to simulate the performance of a sample solar adsorption cooling system used for cooling a set of r...

temperature restrictions on aqueous effluents dictate that streams with a temperature higher than the permitted level needed to pass through cooling systems to reduce the effluent temperature before discharge. in this study, by considering the grouping design rules based on pinch technology, an optimum design for a distributed effluent cooling system, has been developed. a counter-flow wet cool...