Legionella pneumophila is involved in more than 95% cases of severe atypical pneumonia. Infection is mainly by inhalation the indoor aerosols through the water-coolant systems. Because some Legionella strains may be viable but not culturable, therefore, Taq polymerase, DNA amplification and semi-nested-PCR were carried out to detect Legionella-specific 16S-rDNA sequence. For this purpose, 1.5 l...

A Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) system is employed to measure the two-phase mist flow behavior including flow velocity field, droplet size distribution, droplet dynamics, and turbulence characteristics. Based on the droplet measurements made through PDPA, a projected profile describing how the air-mist coolant jet flow spreads and eventually blends into the hot main flow is proposed. T...

This paper discusses the use of MEMS-type devices for the cooling of microprocessors. Vapor compression refrigerators and circulated-coolant heat-exchange systems are analyzed. Water and commercial refrigerants are considered as working fluids. Calculations indicate that although vapor compression systems are capable of removing greater amounts of heat, circulated-coolant systems are far more p...

Centrifugal pumps are used in cooling the engine by pumping water as coolant into the engine. The normal function of the coolant is to discharge coolant at a specific velocity into the engine coolant volume, once the coolant crosses 150 C temperatures then it is taken to the radiator for cooling to 50 C. Due to changes in the engine design it is desired to have changes in the centrifugal pump d...

Partial depletion of the primary circuit during a postulated small break loss of coolant accident can lead to the interruption of one-phase flow natural circulation. In this case, the decay heat is removed from the core in the reflux-condenser mode. In case of the partial non-availability of the safety injection system, weakly borated condensate can accumulate in particular in the pump loop sea...

This thesis looked at the effect of clay and silt soil blocking the heat transfer area of the radiator and its effect on the engine coolant through the conduct of experiments and a mathematical model developed. The results indicated that the percentage area covered resulted in a proportional increase of the inlet and outlet temperatures of the coolant in the radiator. The mathematically mode...

This paper develops a quantitative model to predict the power of coolant penetration into the grinding zone of a segmented wheel. The model accounts for the coolant properties and system design characteristics governing the penetration mechanism revealed by the theory established in Part 1 of this series study. By coupling with the author’s previous mist formation analysis, the model offers a q...

A compact packaging module for direct liquid cooling of roomtemperature quantum cascade lasers is implemented. The light was coupled out of the hermetically sealed package through a mid-infrared fibre epoxy-bonded to the laser. The threshold current reduces by 10%, compared to convectional substrate-side cooled lasers when using low boiling temperature (boiling point (b.p.)1⁄4 34 C) 3M HFE7000 ...

running the industrial components at a proper temperature is always a big challenge for engineers. internal combustion engines are among these components in which temperature plays a big role in their performance and emissions. with the development of new technology in the fields of ‘nano-materials’ and ‘nano-fluids’, it seems very promising to use this technology as a coolant in the internal c...