Cortisol is an important indicator of health and behavioral state in fishes, and is produced in response to stressors including confinement, handling and social conflict. An inherent difficulty in measuring circulating cortisol is the implementation of invasive procedures that can be potent stressors. Recent studies show that cortisol can be reliably quantified from fish holding water by placin...

We report a negative correlation between the weight of a female convict cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, and the magnitude of her defence against a model brood predator for a brood reduced to 100 eggs. We account for this relationship by the fact that a larger female is more likely to spawn a larger number of eggs than is a smaller female, making a fixed number of eggs relatively less valuab...

For many animals, the ability to distinguish cues indicative of predation risk from cues unrelated to predation risk is not entirely innate, but rather is learned and improved with experience. Two pathways to such learning are possible. First, an animal could initially express antipredator behaviour toward a wide range of cues and subsequently learn which of those cues are non-threatening. Alte...

This article focuses on the function of the convict prison infirmary and views it as a site of arbitration, resistance and 'contested power'. In accordance with the rules and regulations periods of incarceration in convict prisons began and ended with an obligatory medical examination. While the primary function of the initial test was to measure the convict body in order ascertain physical abi...

New South Wales was a convict society forfillly halfitsJirst century. Its archaeology reflects the evolution of penal systems and the practices of corzvictism. The archaeology also shows that convicts were closely integrated into the structure of society and were critical to its econonzic performance and social composition. Archaeological investigation in the areas of convict life, penal instit...

We examined whether individual differences in patterns of parental care relate to individual differences in situations involving novelty, risk and aggression in the convict cichlid, Cichlasoma (Archocentrus) nigrofasciatum. Individual differences in situations of novelty and risk could be summarized along two axes: Freezing versus Activity and Activity-Inspection versus Freezing. However, these...