Software radio terminals must be able to process different communications standards which are generally based on different master clock rates and thus employ different bit/chip-rates. A straightforward solution to cope with this diversity of master clock rates in one terminal is to employ dedicated master clocks for each standard of operation. Being too costly in most cases, this kind of soluti...

The idea of software radio (SWR) implies the capability of changing the air-interface just by down-loading the respective software. Since analog components (e.g., for prefiltering and digitization) are difficult to parameterize these tasks have to be moved to the digital domain, or have to be done in a standard independent way. In such receivers the task of sample rate conversion (SRC) is essen...

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become standard method for treating gallstone. However, different centres have reported different complications and conversion rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate complications and conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy into open cholecystectomy in Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University, Nepal. METHODS Files of all patients who h...

Feasibility of Software Radio mainly depends on the availability of a suitable hardware platform. A basic feature of this hardware platform is the ability to process signals of different mobile communications standards, which are usually based upon a diversity of master clock rates. Hence, the conversion between different sample rates is an important functionality of a Software Radio receiver. ...

Laparoscopy for diagnostic and operative purposes offers specific advantages to the patient. Apart from the aesthetic appeal, the shorter hospitalization, a more rapid return to normal activity than after traditional open surgery and decreased postoperative morbidity are particularly strong arguments for laparoscopic surgery. Currently, the most frequently performed laparoscopic upper abdominal...

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) was attempted in 847 patients, 823 (97.2%) were completed laparoscopically and 24 (2.8%) had to be converted to open cholecystectomy (OC). Acute cholecystitis was the commonest reason for conversion (13 out of 24 patients). Patients who had acute cholecystitis are five times at risk for conversion to open than other patients with non-acute cholecystitis (p< 0.0...

In this article, we propose a new frame rate up-conversion (FRU) method for temporal quality enhancement. The proposed FRU algorithm employs gradual and adaptive motion estimation based on confidence priority for selecting more accurate motion vectors (MVs). In order to estimate accurate MVs, we adaptively alternate a search range and the order of blocks to be searched depending on the confiden...

We derive analytical expressions for the reactivity of a single-file system with fast diffusion and particles entering and leaving the system at one end. If the conversion reaction is fast, then the reactivity depends only very weakly on the system size, and the conversion is about 100%. If the reaction is slow, then the reactivity becomes proportional to the system size, the loading, and the r...