Confocal fluorescence microendoscopy provides high-resolution cellular-level imaging via a minimally invasive procedure, but requires fast scanning to achieve real-time imaging in vivo. Ideal confocal imaging performance is obtained with a point scanning system, but the scan rates required for in vivo biomedical imaging can be difficult to achieve. By scanning a line of illumination in one dire...

Taking advantage of the laser scanning methodology, confocal microscopy has been widely applied in cutting-edge biological research for its three-dimensional, high-resolution imaging capability (Pawley 1995). The principles of confocal were put forward by Marvin Minsky in 1955 (Minsky 1988), yet the experimental demonstration was not accomplished until 20 years later by Cremer brother (Cremer, ...

This paper presents the use and characterization of an electrically focus tunable lens to perform axial scanning in a confocal microscope. Lateral and axial resolution are characterized over a >250 µm axial scan range. Confocal microscopy using optical axial scanning is demonstrated in epithelial tissue and compared to traditional stage scanning. By enabling rapid axial scanning, minimizing mot...

We present a new super-resolution technique, Re-scan Confocal Microscopy (RCM), based on standard confocal microscopy extended with an optical (re-scanning) unit that projects the image directly on a CCD-camera. This new microscope has improved lateral resolution and strongly improved sensitivity while maintaining the sectioning capability of a standard confocal microscope. This simple technolo...

PURPOSE To compare the sensitivity and specificity of confocal scan with the results of corneal and/or contact lens case smear and culture in the diagnosis of infectious keratitis. METHODS This was a diagnostic test study. Confocal scan and corneal and/or contact lens case smear and culture were performed in all patients with a clinical diagnosis of infectious keratitis at Labbafinejad Medica...

PURPOSE To compare the morphologic features of keratic precipitates (KPs) by confocal microscopy in granulomatous versus nongranulomatous noninfectious uveitis. METHODS KP morphology was determined by confocal scan in patients with noninfectious granulomatous and noninfectious nongranulomatous uveitic cases. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-seven eyes of 90 subjects with noninfectious uveitis...