Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most prevalent acquired myopathy in adults beyond the age of 50. The disease is relentlessly progressive and largely resistant to immunosuppressive therapy (reviewed by Hohlfeld, 2011). In IBM, and less frequently also in polymyositis, non-necrotic muscle fibres are focally surrounded and invaded by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) (Fig. 1) (Engel and Arahata, 1...

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Neural detection of complex sound sequences in the absence of consciousness’, by Tzovara et al. (doi:10.1093/ brain/awv041). Event related potentials (ERPs), classically measured by EEG, are the electrophysiological brain responses to a stimulus. Somatosensory and auditory ERPs have been used as a noninvasive tool for assessing brain functions and predictin...

this article reviews the commentary tradition around the metaphysics of avicenna’s shifā’ as it evolved in the lands that belonged to avicenna’s own cultural horizon, most of all in iran. from this overview it emerges that this tradition is characterized by a keen interest  in textual criticism and a solid philosophical grasp of avicenna’s metaphysical doctrines. this interest is reflected in t...

Within this commentary, I will try to extend the views presented in Johnson’s, as well as Hunt and Jaeggi’s, commentaries. Both commentaries address the issue of intelligence development. I will try to broaden the discussion by including noncognitive traits as predictors of cognitive development. These ideas are founded within the environmental enrichment hypothesis and the Openness-Fluid-Cryst...