In this paper, we highlight a concern with using online discussion for learning. We argue that there is a lack of technological support for the development of personalised knowledge representation for most online discussion forums. Analyses of existing discussion forums suggest that there is a range of collective knowledge representation mechanisms which support a group or a community of learne...

In this paper, the system of language and architecture has been studied in three levels of elemental, structural and semantic in cases of traditional and modern mosques in Iran through the method of analyzing the content of texts and in a conceptual model. Then, in a comparative method, the common patterns of these systems have been explained at all three levels. The common features at the elem...

In order to outline the conceptual landscape that frames discussions of collective memory, three oppositions are proposed: collective memory versus collective remembering; history versus collective memory; and individual memory versus collective remembering. From this perspective collective remembering is viewed as an active process that often involves contention and contestation among people r...

Collaborative representation-based detector (CRD), as the most representative anomaly detection method, has been widely applied in field of hyperspectral (HAD). However, sliding dual window original CRD introduces high computational complexity. Moreover, HAD models only consider a single spectral or spatial feature image (HSI), which is unhelpful for improving accuracy. To solve these problems,...

Congressional districts create two levels of representation. Studies of representation focus on a disaggregated level: the electoral connection between representatives and constituents. But there is a collective level of representation—the result of aggregating across representatives. This article uses new measures of home styles to demonstrate that responsiveness to constituents can have negat...

This paper raises the question of collective decision making under possibilistic uncertainty; We study four egalitarian decision rules and show that in the context of a possibilistic representation of uncertainty, the use of an egalitarian collective utility function allows to get rid of the Timing Effect. Making a step further, we prove that if both the agents’ preferences and the collective r...