Objective: Many studies focus on either afferent or efferent inputs (but not both), or on one structure of the genitourinary system. Only a few recent studies include information on inputs from sympathetic chain ganglia (SCG), and even fewer have examined the possibility of direct motor (autonomic or somatic) inputs from spinal cord ventral horns to genitourinary end organs. We sought to clarif...

Isolated female epispadias without bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital anomaly affecting 1 in 484,000 females. The presenting features of female epispadias are urinary incontinence and abnormal anatomical features. A 6-year-old girl presented with primary urinary incontinence who on physical examination had a bifid clitoris and labia minora. The vagina and hymen were normal. Voiding cystoure...

Schwannomas are slow-growing nerve sheet neoplasms which are rarely found in the female genital system. In this article, we present a patient with Antony A congenital plexiform schwannoma of the clitoris. A 6-year-old girl was brought to our hospital with the history of a firm non-cystic clitoral mass from birth, which had been growing more rapidly during the previous year. The patient was sche...

Hoewel er de laatste jaren steeds meer aandacht wordt besteed aan clitoris, is vaak maar weinig oog voor houding tegenover haar bestaan in het verleden. Dit artikel gaat op geschiedenis van kittelaar en richt zich voorkomen Nederlandse publicaties (en voor) medici docenten 400 jaar. De conclusie luidt dat clitoris nooit volledig vergeten of genegeerd, onwetendheid over dit vrouwelijke orgaan te...

R of the mesonephric or Wolffian system may persist in the adjacent area to the ovary. This ductal system runs anterolaterally toward the vaginal wall and in rare cases between the anterior vaginal wall and the urethra. Mucous (dysontogenetic) cysts arise from the minor vestibular gland, or from the mesonephric duct remnants, and may be found at the introitus and labia minora. Clinically, cysts...

Isolated female epispadias without bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital anomaly. Patients present with total or partial urinary incontinence. The diagnosis can only be made on careful genitalia examination by separating the labia majora. That is why it is often missed by most physicians even after being extensively investigated. The physical findings include patulous urethra, flattened mons p...