The ability of climate models to simulate large-scale temperature changes during the twentieth century when they include both anthropogenic and natural forcings and their inability to account for warming over the last 50 yr when they exclude increasing greenhouse gas concentrations has been used as evidence for an anthropogenic influence on global warming. One criticism of the models used in ma...

Climate change is a complicated issue with many factors playing role in its formation and distribution. Considering this complication, a comprehensive and holistic approach is needed for a better understanding and management of those factors. The causal frameworks are among systemic and integrated methods for addressing the causes of environmental problems and the relationships that exist betwe...

[no abstract available]

increasing greenhouse gases in recent decades and increasing its resulting temperature has causes the imbalance of the earth’s climate system and widespread climate changes in most regions of earth planet. development strategic policy in this area has been forced with a big challenge because of the need for water in the central region on the one hand and water resource constraints on the other ...

Global climate change has been modifying ecosystem carbon cycling, which has produced feedbacks on climate by affecting the concentration of atmospheric CO2. The importance of biospheric CO2 uptake or release to climate change has generated great interest in quantifying the dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to climate change. However, less attention has been given to Afr...

Climate change is a complicated issue with many factors playing role in its formation and distribution. Considering this complication, a comprehensive and holistic approach is needed for a better understanding and management of those factors. The causal frameworks are among systemic and integrated methods for addressing the causes of environmental problems and the relationships that exist betwe...

This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only.

Forests play an important role in regulating the global climate by storing carbon that would otherwise be released as CO2 to the atmosphere, and affecting the global energy balance through absorption of solar radiation. Forests are also affected directly by the impact of increased CO2 levels and temperatures on ecosystem processes, and indirectly by human responses seeking to mitigate the net e...