During a civil war, does external intelligence assistance reduce violence perpetrated by the recipient government against civilians? I contend that reduces civilians facilitating identification problems and adopting “winning-hearts-and-minds strategy,” which enhances government's legitimacy potential. Enhanced capability solves problems. examined this logic using dataset on support one-sided be...

background and aim: hepatitis b is a major health problem in the world and also in our country, iran. presence in war zones is among the most important risk factors for developing hepatitis b. this study was conducted to compare liver enzymes variations and hepatitis b risk factors among military and civilian chronic carriers of hepatitis b. methods: this was a cross-sectional descriptive-analy...

I was disappointed and saddened by the carelessness of the title ‘Going to war does not have to hurt’ in the June issue of the Journal (Hacker Hughes et al, 2005). One does not even have to mention the considerable number of British casualties in Iraq to realise that this headline is completely ill thought out and a particularly misplaced euphemism that fails to appreciate that war in modern ti...

I was disappointed and saddened by the carelessness of the title ‘Going to war does not have to hurt’ in the June issue of the Journal (Hacker Hughes et al, 2005). One does not even have to mention the considerable number of British casualties in Iraq to realise that this headline is completely ill thought out and a particularly misplaced euphemism that fails to appreciate that war in modern ti...


 This qualitative study explored the effect of war trauma on Iraqi civilians by examining YouTube videos that contained interviews with civilians, doctors, and military personnel giving their reactions experience PTSD. examined 12 in Iraq refugee camps, psychiatrists, veterans who served war, it identified following themes: killing or death family members due to violence, fear, PTSD, nigh...

T o address the hazards to civilians, recent landmine systems have incorporated command detonation by remote operator and self-destruct capabilities (see the “Landmines through the Ages” sidebar). However, these additions didn’t let the mines adaptively counter breach attempts and might have actually increased the need to monitor mine location to allow command detonation. Nor did they allow ope...

Aims Provision and need for mental health services among military personnel are a major concern across nations. Two recent comparisons suggest higher rates of mental disorders in US and UK military personnel compared to civilians. However, these findings may not apply to other nations. Previous studies have focused on the overall effects of military service rather than the separate effects of m...

Despite moral prohibitions on hurting other humans, some social contexts allow for harmful actions such as killing of others. One example is warfare, where killing enemy soldiers is seen as morally justified. Yet, the neural underpinnings distinguishing between justified and unjustified killing are largely unknown. To improve understanding of the neural processes involved in justified and unjus...