The synthesis of the negative-strand [(-)-strand] complement of the ∼30 kilobase, positive-strand [(+)-strand] coronaviral genome is a necessary early step for genome replication. The identification of cis-acting elements required for (-)-strand RNA synthesis in coronaviruses, however, has been hampered due to insufficiencies in the techniques used to detect the (-)-strand RNA species. Here, we...

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key regulatory enzyme for starch synthesis in plant. Starch is an important carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units and the primary energy source in plants. The essential transcriptional gene regulatory units are cis-acting regulatory elements as they control various stress responses. Therefore, understanding of the transcriptional ...

Pathogen-inducible plant promoters contain multiple cis-acting elements, only some of which may contribute to pathogen inducibility. Therefore, we made defined synthetic promoters containing tetramers of only a single type of element and present evidence that a range of cis-acting elements (boxes W1, W2, GCC, JERE, S, Gst1, and D) can mediate local gene expression in planta after pathogen attac...