background: pain, a common phenomenon in multiple sclerosis (ms) patients, is associated with many symptoms and problems.  to investigation severity and distribution of musculoskeletal pain in ms patients. methods: in this cross-sectional study, 115 members of the mazandaran ms association with confirmed ms were randomly selected to participate in the study. the patients were asked to fill out ...

background: the present study aimed to translate and evaluate the reliability and validity of the persian version of the 11-item intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (icoap) measure in iranian subjects with knee osteoarthritis (koa). materials and methods: the icoap questionnaire was translated according to the manufacturers alliance for productivity and innovation (mapi) protocol. the...

background: venepuncture is a minimally invasive procedure, which is commonly performed in hospitals; if the pain is inadequately managed, it can cause negative feelings in children. distraction can reduce pain through affecting the central nervous system and releasing neurotransmitters that inhibit pain. aim: in this study, we aimed to compare the effects of play-dough and bubble making as dis...

background pain control in children is still a therapeutic dilemma. preschool patients are affected from undesirable effects of postoperative pain more than adults. tonsillectomy is associated with a high incidence of postoperative pain, not only complicating the recovery, but also delaying patients discharge. objectives despite employing different surgical and anesthetic strategies in post-ton...

background: acupuncture is an indispensable part of traditional chinese medicine for relief of pain. the purpose of this study was the immediate & latent of low power laser ga-al-as irradiation applied to acupuncture points on experimental pain threshold. methods: this quasi-experimental study was conducted on seventy adult women ranging from 20 to 40 years old assigned randomly into two groups...

Background: Pain has physiological and psychological effects on a child's life and various body systems. Tactile stimulation affects the central nervous system and releases analgesic drugs resulting in the inhibition of pain. Aim: The main purpose of this study was effect of touch on the intensity and duration of pain during venipuncture in school-age children. Methods: This clinical trial was ...

conclusions about one-third of the patients referring to the pain clinic had subacute pain. the patients with chronic pain were older and more obese, had a higher prevalence of addiction, had more cases of knee pain, and reported more instances of obscure and persistent pain than those with subacute pain. objectives the aim of the present study was to assess and compare the sociodemographic cha...

background long-term clinical symptoms and functional status of above-knee amputees are not well documented. this study documents the long-term outcomes of war related above-knee amputations. objective to study the long-term outcomes of unilateral above-knee amputation. materials and methods the study consisted of a comprehensive assessment, examination, and review of history and wartime medica...