Despite the vital role of the utility function in welfare measurement, the implications of working with incorrect utility specifications have been largely neglected in the choice experiments literature. This paper addresses the importance of specification with a special emphasis on the effects of mistaken assumptions about the marginal utility of income. Monte Carlo experiments were conducted u...

human interferons (ifns) are key cytokines secreted by immune system. they have several effects such as antiviral and anti tumors activity, activating immune cells and healing of multiple sclerosis. the type ifns present in humans are α, β and υ. ifn β is a polypeptide, normally produced by fibroblasts and seems to be more species-specific than ifn . structural properties of i fns are importan...

Quantum systems exhibit particle- or wavelike behavior depending on the experimental apparatus they are confronted by. This wave-particle duality is at the heart of quantum mechanics. Its paradoxical nature is best captured in the delayed-choice thought experiment, in which a photon is forced to choose a behavior before the observer decides what to measure. Here, we report on a quantum delayed-...

Wave-particle complementarity is one of the most intriguing features of quantum physics. To emphasize this measurement apparatus-dependent nature, experiments have been performed in which the output beam splitter of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is inserted or removed after a photon has already entered the device. A recent extension suggested using a quantum beam splitter at the interferometer'...

background nearly every nation in the world faces shortages of health workers in remote areas. cameroon is no exception to this. the ministry of public health (moph) is currently considering several rural retention strategies to motivate qualified health personnel to practice in remote rural areas.   methods to better calibrate these mechanisms and to develop evidence-based retention strategies...

While the derivation and estimation of heterogeneous probit models appears straightforward, the properties of such models are not well understood. It is assumed that the properties of these models are identical to those of discrete choice models, but this may not be true. While these models are formally identified, we argue that they suffer from fragile identification. We first look for evidenc...

PURPOSE To determine whether contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography (CE MRA) could replace digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for the evaluation of atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease of the lower leg and foot. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-five patients with symptoms of atherosclerotic disease of the leg were examined prospectively with CE MRA of the foot and the lower legs as well as ...