Recently, various activist and environmental groups have called for a ban on the use of chlorine and chlorine-containing compounds (1,2). The questions at issue are 1) is it possible, and 2) is it wise? Of course, chlorine, as chloride ion, is an essential component of the body, where it occurs at high levels in plasma and interstitial fluid. There probably is no controversy concerning this asp...

Disinfection is a mainstay of infection prevention, the importance which was highlighted throughout SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. There frequent misuse terminology surrounding chlorine solutions in literature. This leads not only to confusion but has potentially dangerous outcomes, as inappropriate mixing with other disinfectants or cleaning can lead release gas. article provides resource for accurate c...

BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants. Due to their lipophilic character, they are preferentially stored within the adipose tissue. During the mobilisation of lipids, PCBs might be released from adipocytes into the bloodstream. However, the mechanisms associated with the release of PCBs have been poorly studied. Several in vivo studies followed their dyna...

OBJECTIVE To describe the methods of evaluating currently available triage models for their efficacy in appropriately triaging the surge of patients after an all-hazards disaster. DESIGN A method was developed for evaluating currently available triage models using extracted data from medical records of the victims from the Graniteville chlorine disaster. SETTING On January 6, 2005, a freigh...

Equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) is a convenient parameter to quantify the effects of halogens (chlorine and bromine) on ozone depletion in the stratosphere. We show, discuss, and analyze a new formulation of EESC that now includes the effects of age-of-air dependent fractional release values and an age-of-air spectrum. This EESC can be more appropriately applied to various pa...

In the current industrial scenario there is a serious need for formulating strategies to handle hazardous substances in the safest way. Manufacture, storage, and use of hazardous substances pose a serious risk to industry, people, and the environment. Accidental release of toxic chemicals can lead to emergencies. An emergency response plan (ERP) is inevitable to minimize the adverse effects of ...

NO and NO2, collectively denoted NOx, are generated in the Earth’s atmosphere mainly from the photochemistry of biogenic nitrogen-containing gases whereas on Mars they form through the oxidation of products derived from ionospheric dissociation of N2. NOx disappears from both atmospheres when acids form from further oxidation and deposit to the surface. We show that peroxynitric acid (PNA), HO2...

This study characterizes the sequential alterations of, and relations between, multiple electrolytes in cytoplasm, mitochondria, and whole cells during hypoxia and on reoxygenation in isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Subcellular electrolyte content and distribution were measured by electron probe x-ray microanalysis, membrane phospholipid degradation by tritiated arachidonic acid rel...

The release of a harmful contaminant into a densely populated area could quickly affect significant numbers of people. The results of a physical modeling study of the atmospheric transport and dispersion of a hypothetical chlorine release are presented as a case study for situational awareness and preparedness planning. Both a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model and a rapid response model ...