Autopsy specimens from human victims or experimental animals that die due to acute chlorine gas exposure present features of cardiovascular pathology. We demonstrate acute chlorine inhalation-induced reduction in heart rate and oxygen saturation in rats. Chlorine inhalation elevated chlorine reactants, such as chlorotyrosine and chloramine, in blood plasma. Using heart tissue and primary cardio...

Society’s preference for bottled water mainly comes from a dislike of the mildly pungent taste and odor of tap water. Such odor and taste may be caused by chlorine residual (in the form of free chlorine or chloramines), which is maintained in a water distribution system to prevent regrowth of microorganisms and is thus present in tap water. To encourage individuals who drink bottled water to sh...

Exposure of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to chlorine before heat treatment results in increased production of heat shock proteins. Current heating regimens for pasteurizing apple cider do not account for chlorine exposure in the wash water. This research determined the effect of sublethal chlorine treatment on thermal inactivation of E. coli O157:H7. D58-values were calculated for stationary-phase ...

Chlorine is a common agent found worldwide in industrial and household applications. This element is found everywhere and anywhere around the globe. Because of its ubiquitous nature in the world, chlorine-injured patients may be expected at all medical facilities, from large-urban to small-community to austere-tent facilities. Chlorine has been used as a chemical weapon since 1915 and has been ...

A test system for water distribution was used to evaluate the stability and effectiveness of three residual disinfectants--free chlorine, combined chlorine, and chlorine dioxide--when challenged with a sewage contaminant. The test distribution system consisted of the street main and internal plumbing for two barracks at Fort George G. Meade, MD. To the existing pipe network, 152 m (500 ft) of 1...

Chlorine dioxide and iodine inactivated poliovirus more efficiently at pH 10.0 than at pH 6.0. Sedimentation analyses of viruses inactivated by chlorine dioxide and iodine at pH 10.9 showed that viral RNA separated from the capsids, resulting in the conversion of virions from 156S structures to 80S particles. The RNAs release from both chlorine dioxide- and iodine-inactivated viruses cosediment...

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an antimicrobial recognized for its disinfectant properties since the early 1900's (EPA, 2005). This compound effectively kills microorganisms including bacteria, viruses or fungi on inanimate objects, foods, and other surfaces (EPA, 2005). Chlorine dioxide can be generated in a gas or liquid form and smells like chlorine bleach (EPA, 2005). In 1967, the Environmental...

a methodology is presented in this paper to find optimal location and dosage of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. the objective is to minimize the chlorine consumption while keeping the residual chlorine at each node within the standard range. unfortunately because of wrong water quality management in water distribution networks in many parts of the world, many problems such as...

Although 2% glutaraldehyde is often the first-line agent for endoscopic disinfection, its adverse reactions are common among staff and it is less effective against certain mycobacteria and spore-bearing bacteria. Chlorine dioxide is a possible alternative and an automated washer-disinfector fitted with this agent is currently available. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ...