GABA gating an anion channel primarily permeable to chloride can hyperpolarize or depolarize, depending on whether the chloride equilibrium potential (E(Cl)) is negative or positive, respectively, to the resting membrane potential (E(rest)). If the transmembrane Cl(-) gradient is set by active transport, those neurons or neuronal regions that exhibit opposite responses to GABA should express di...

Astrocytic volume regulation and neurotransmitter uptake are critically dependent on the intracellular anion concentration, but little is known about the mechanisms controlling internal anion homeostasis in these cells. Here we used fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) with the chloride-sensitive dye MQAE to measure intracellular chloride concentrations in murine Bergmann glial cells...

This review briefly discusses the main approaches for monitoring chloride (Cl(-)), the most abundant physiological anion. Noninvasive monitoring of intracellular Cl(-) ([Cl(-)]i) is a challenging task owing to two main difficulties: (i) the low transmembrane ratio for Cl(-), approximately 10:1; and (ii) the small driving force for Cl(-), as the Cl(-) reversal potential (E(Cl)) is usually close ...

Internal chloride activity, a(i) (Cl), and membrane potential, E(m), were measured simultaneously in 120 R2 giant neurons of Aplysia californica. a(i) (Cl) was 37.0 +/- 0.8 mM, E(m) was -49.3 +/- 0.4 mv, and E(Cl) calculated using the Nernst equation was -56.2 +/- 0.5 mv. Such values were maintained for as long as 6 hr of continuous recording in untreated neurons. Cooling to 1 degrees -4 degree...

The present study was designed to observe the properties of swelling-activated chloride channel (ICl.swell) in mouse cardiac myocytes using patch clamp techniques. In whole-cell recordings, hypotonic solution activated a chloride current that exhibited outward rectification, weak voltage-dependent inactivation, and anion selectivity with permeability sequence of I- > Br- > Cl-. The current was ...

Chloride fluxes are the main contributors to the resting conductance of mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. ClC-1, the most abundant chloride channel isoform in this preparation, is believed to be responsible for this conductance. However, the actual distribution of ClC-1 channels between the surface and transverse tubular system (TTS) membranes has not been assessed in intact muscle fibers. To i...

The contributions of electrogenic sodium/calcium exchange current ( I NaCa), calcium-activated chloride conductance [ I Cl(Ca)], and calcium-activated nonselective cation conductance to delayed afterdepolarizations (DAD) were examined. Nonselective cation channels were absent in canine M cells, since inhibition of I NaCa and I Cl(Ca)eliminated all calcium-activated currents without abolishing c...

Unidirectional chloride-36 fluxes were measured in internally dialyzed barnacle giant muscle fibers. About 50--60% of the Cl efflux was irreversibly blocked by the amino-group reactive agent, 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), when it was applied either intra- or extracellularly. Similarly, Cl influx was also blocked by SITS. No significant effect on [Cl]i of SITS...

Congenital chloride diarrhea (CLD) is a recessively inherited disorder characterized by massive loss of chloride in stool. We previously identified mutations in the downregulated in adenoma ( DRA) gene in patients with CLD and demonstrated that DRA encodes an intestine-specific sulfate transporter. To determine whether DRA is an intestinal chloride transporter and how mutations affect transport...

In the title compound, (C(20)H(17)N(2))(2)[Pd(2)Cl(6)]·2C(6)H(6), the dichloride-bridged [Pd(2)Cl(6)](2-) anion lies across an inversion center with each Pd(II) ion in a slightly distorted square-planar environment. In the crystal structure, two cations and an anion are connected via N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds between the NH groups of the iminioisoindoline cations and terminal Cl atoms of a hexa-chl...