Ras signaling is critical for many developmental processes and requires the precise coordination of interactions among multiple downstream components. One mechanism by which this regulation is achieved is through the use of scaffolding molecules that coordinate the assembly of multimolecular complexes. Recently, the scaffolding molecule kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR) was isolated in genetic scr...

ERK activation is enhanced by the scaffolding proteins KSR and MP1, localized near the cell membrane and late endosomes respectively, but little is known about their dynamic interplay. We develop here a mathematical model with ordinary differential equations to describe the dynamic activation of EGFR-ERK signaling under a conventional pathway without scaffolds, a KSR-scaffolded pathway, and an ...

enrichment of cell suspension with germ cells prior to injection into recipient seminiferous tubules is of importance in spermatogonial stem cells (sscs) transplantation. knock-out serum replacement (ksr) has been reported to enhance the proliferation of murine sscs and human embryonic stem cells. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ksr versus fetal bovine serum (fbs) ...

A canonical Ras-ERK signaling pathway specifies the fate of the excretory duct cell during Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis. The paralogs ksr-1 and ksr-2 encode scaffolding proteins that facilitate signaling through this pathway and that act redundantly to promote the excretory duct fate. In a genomewide RNAi screen for genes that, like ksr-2, are required in combination with ksr-1 for the ...

Recent research has shown the effectiveness of using sparse coding(Sc) to solve many computer vision problems. Motivated by the fact that kernel trick can capture the nonlinear similarity of features, which may reduce the feature quantization error and boost the sparse coding performance, we propose Kernel Sparse Representation(KSR). KSR is essentially the sparse coding technique in a high dime...

soil erosion is the most important threat to the soil and water resources among the soil degradation processes in arid and semi-arid regions. this study was conducted in shirin-darreh basin, a semi-arid region in north-eastern iran, to evaluate the performance of erosion potential method (epm) and hydro-physical method (csy) in generating erosion potential and sediment load maps via geographic ...

The single layer of epithelial cells lining the intestine that serves as an important physical and functional barrier regulating the uptake of nutrients and the exclusion of various environmental antigens is disrupted in inflammatory bowel diseases. A central cytokine in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which increases apoptosis in a number of cell ...

BACKGROUND Ksr (kinase supressor of Ras) was identified as a regulator of the Ras-MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway by genetic screens in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. Ksr is a kinase with similarities to the three conserved regions of Raf kinases, especially within the kinase domain. To investigate whether these structural similarities correlated with common functi...

We have identified and characterized two genes in Drosophila whose products are required for activated RAS to signal with normal efficiency, but do not appear to effect signaling by activated RAF. One encodes the beta subunit of type I geranylgeranyl transferase, a prenylation enzyme essential for targeting RAS to the plasma membrane. The other encodes a protein kinase that we have named kinase...

Emulsion-solvent evaporation technique was used to prepare Diclofenac sodium (DS) loaded Kollidon® SR (KSR) microspheres. Cellulosic polymers (HPMC 6 cps, 15 cps) and polymethacrylic polymers (Eudragit E100, Eudragit RL PO, and Eudragit RS PO) were added with KSR at 10% wt/wt of KSR. The effect of these polymers on drug content, particle size, surface morphology and DS release rate was evaluate...