In single-particle imaging experiments, beams of individual nanoparticles are exposed to intense pulses X-rays from free-electron lasers record diffraction patterns single, isolated molecules. The reconstruction for structure determination relies on signals many identical particles. Therefore, well-defined-sample delivery conditions desired in order achieve sample uniformity, including avoidanc...

Based on quantum hydrodynamics theory (QHD), the propagation of nonlinear quantum dust-ion acoustic (QDIA) solitary waves in a ‎collision-less, unmagnetized four component quantum plasma consisting of electrons, positrons, ions and stationary negatively charged ‎dust grains with dust charge variation is investigated using reductive perturbation method. The charging current to the dust grains ca...

In this note we discuss a technique for definin”g the geometry of ~:$ipole antenna such that low-frequency parameters of the antenna, such as capacitance and mean charge separat~on distance, are readily calculable. This technique involves the assumption of an appropriate static charge distribution which we call an equivalent-charge distribution. Calculating the potential distribution from the e...