For many commonsense reasoning tasks associated with action domains, only a relatively simple kind of causal knowledge (previously studied by Geener and Lin) is required. We deene a mathematically simple language for expressing knowledge of this kind and describe a general approach to formalizing action domains in it. The language can be used to express ram-iication and qualiication constraints...

Conceptual change researchers have made significant progress on two prominent but competing theoretical perspectives regarding knowledge structure coherence. These perspectives can be broadly characterized as (1) knowledge-as-theory perspectives and (2) knowledge-as-elements perspectives. These perspectives can be briefly summarized in terms of the following questions. Is a student’s knowledge ...

Three competing accounts of vowel inherent spectral change in English all agree on the importance of initial formant frequencies; however, they disagree about the nature of the perceptually relevant aspects of formant change. The onset+offset hypothesis claims that the final formant values themselves matter. The onset+slope hypothesis claims that only the rate of change counts. The onset+direct...

Considerable attention has been given in the literature to models of individual behaviour change per se – but much less attention has been given to models or theories that attempt to understand behaviour change within groups, organisations and whole communities. The design of programs to reach populations requires an understanding of how those communities work, their barriers and enablers to ch...

background change theories provide an opportunity for organizational managers to plan, monitor and evaluate changes using a framework which enable them, among others, to show a fast response to environmental fluctuations and to predict the changing patterns of individuals and technology. the current study aimed to explore whether the change in the public accounting system of the iranian health ...

nowdays, democracy is become an universal value so that all intellectual tendencies should put it into their concerns. whether it accepts or not? the central value is caused a change in many political theories to democracy. it seems that one of most important these endeavors is concerned to practitioners of political philosophy that have attempted to revise negative attitudes of it. this articl...