Railway standards prescribe the use of Safety-related Application Conditions (SACs). SACs are demands to be observed when using a safety related system or a sub-system. The use of SACs can, however, easily be associated with difficulties. SACs of sub-systems can imply high efforts regarding their fulfillment at system level. Furthermore, SACs at sub-system level may become very obstructive for ...

In this paper, the acoustic-perceptual effects of air sacs are investigated. Using an adaptive hearing experiment it is shown that air sacs reduce the perceptual effect of vowel-like articulations. Air sacs are a feature of the vocal tract of all great apes, except humans. Because presence or absence of air sacs is correlated with the anatomy of the hyoid bone, a probable minimal and maximal da...

OBJECTIVES Patients with cervical ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) are susceptible to cord injury, which often develops into myelopathic symptoms. However, little is known regarding the prognostic factors that are involved in minor trauma. We evaluated the relationship between minor trauma and neurological outcome of OPLL and investigated the prognostic factors with a focu...

Pathogenic variants in the SACS gene (OMIM #604490) cause autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS). ARSACS is a neurodegenerative early-onset progressive disorder, originally described in French Canadians, but later observed elsewhere.(1) Whole-exome sequencing of a large group of patients with unclassified progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs) identified 2 patients ...

The dendrites of starburst amacrine cells (SACs) in the mammalian retina are preferentially activated by motion in the centrifugal direction, a property that is important for generating direction selectivity in direction selective ganglion cells (DSGCs). A candidate mechanism underlying the centrifugal direction selectivity of SAC dendrites is synaptic inhibition onto SACs. Here we disrupted th...

Objective: To propose a new typing method for sylvian arachnoid cysts (SACs) and to provide a basis for the choice of surgical approaches of SACs. Methods: 34 cases of SACs were divided into 3 types: I type. SACs medial cyst wall was located in the outer 1/3 of sylvian fissure; type II. SACs medial cyst wall was located in median 1/3 of sylvian fissure; III type. Type I and Type II accepted neu...

Dendritic and axonal arbors of many neuronal types exhibit self-avoidance, in which branches repel each other. In some cases, these neurites interact with those of neighboring neurons, a phenomenon called self/non-self discrimination. The functional roles of these processes remain unknown. In this study, we used retinal starburst amacrine cells (SACs), critical components of a direction-selecti...

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3 (CPEB3) regulates target RNA translation in neurons. Here, we examined CPEB3 distribution and function in the mouse retina. CPEB3 is expressed in retinal neurons, including those located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) but not in cone and rod photoreceptors in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). A previous study fou...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of detectable jugular lymphatic sacs in a setting for first trimester screening for Down syndrome, and to evaluate the influence of jugular lymphatic sacs on the screening performance for chromosomal abnormalities. METHODS A prospective single center study (Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) over a period of one year (January...