multiple sclerosis (ms) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (cns) characterized by inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. one of its pathophysiological hallmarks is demyelination, a consequence of oligodendroglial cell death leading supply shortfall and missing electrical insulation to axons. demyelination induced consequences on neuronal network activity and subsequen...

neurotrauma is one of the main medical problems that affect considerable number of population especially young persons in all countries. neurotrauma not only is a serious threat for life but also creates various disabilities and consequently imposes large costs to society. following central nervous system (cns) injury, tissue damage occurs via primary and secondary mechanisms. despite many atte...

context patients with hepatic dysfunction suffer from many problems and associated complications in organs other than the liver. therefore, it is very important to investigate the effects of different drugs in the treatment of these patients. due to the high consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), studying the effects of these drugs in patients with hepatic dysfunction is...

besides being a metabolite of nucleotides like atp, adenosine is a mediator of neuronal function in the central nervous system. its actions are mediated by at least three extracellular receptors. in this review different aspects of adenosine such as biosynthesis, release, inactivation and its receptors are discussed. it also covers pre- and postsynaptic effects as well as postreceptor mechanism...

lumbar puncture is one of the most common methods for assessment of central nervous system. allen is illustrating the role of nurses in relation to probable fears about this technique. question: what is lumbar puncture? answer: this technique is proper method that one needle and trocar enter to subarachnoid space in lumbar spine. this method is most common diagnostic test for central nervous sy...

conclusions post-vaccination encephalomyelitis is a very rare side effect of mencevax acwy. introduction post-vaccination encephalomyelitis is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. it is triggered by certain vaccines. the diagnosis of post-vaccination encephalomyelitis depends on the close temporal relationship between vaccination and clinical presentation. case presentation w...

background: diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive deficits in humans and animals. these deficits are paralleled by neurophysiological and structural changes in brain. in diabetic animals, impairments of spatial learning, memory, and cognition occur in association with distinct changes in hippocampus, a key brain area for many forms of learning and memory and are particularly sensitive ...

conclusions considering that neuronal function highly depends on environmental conditions, any adverse alteration may affect the function and morphology of neurons. in this regard, our results showed the adverse effects of protein malnutrition on the morphology of the purkinje cells of cerebellum. results the low-protein group did not gain weight as much as control group (p < 0.05). the diamete...

Nigella sativa (NS) (Ranunculaceae family) is generally utilized as a therapeutic plant all over the world. The seeds of the plant have a long history of use in different frameworks of medicines and food. In Islamic literature, it is considered as one of the greatest forms of therapeutics. It has been widely used to treat nervous system diseases such as memory impairment, epilepsy, neurotoxicit...

Besides being a metabolite of nucleotides like ATP, adenosine is a mediator of neuronal function in the central nervous system. Its actions are mediated by at least three extracellular receptors. In this review different aspects of adenosine such as biosynthesis, release, inactivation and its receptors are discussed. It also covers pre- and postsynaptic effects as well as postreceptor mecha...