Since Judah Folkman first described the process of angiogenesis in 1971, much has been learned about the cells, the extracellular factors, and the signaling pathways that modulate the angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and vasculogenesis. Promising preclinical studies led to trials of angiogenic factors and cell therapies for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the last 2 decades. Early stage trial...
