Successfully identifying and targeting immune checkpoints on latently HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells could be a key component in HIV-1 eradication therapies [1,2]. Immune checkpoints are negative regulators of: (i) T cell activation; (ii) T cell proliferation; and (iii) effector functions including cytokine production [3]. Thus, inhibiting immune checkpoints could influence the resting status of la...

OBJECTIVES As T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) is an immune regulatory molecule; its blocking or stimulating could alter the pattern of immune response towards a desired condition. Based on the unique features of nanobodies, we aimed to construct an anti-TIM-3 nanobody as an appropriate tool for manipulating immune responses for future therapeutic purposes. MATERIALS AND METHO...

BackgroundThe pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still incompletely understood, but it seems to involve immune activation and dysregulation.ObjectiveWe examined the parameters different leukocyte subsets in COVID-19–infected patients relation severity.MethodsWe analyzed plasma levels myeloperoxidase (a marker neutrophil activation), soluble (s) CD25 (sCD25) T-cell immunoglob...

T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain (TIM)-3 is an immunomodulatory molecule and upregulated in T cells by several cytokines. TIM-3 also influences mast cell function but its transcriptional regulation in mast cells has not been clarified. Therefore, we examined the transcript level and the promoter activity of TIM-3 in mast cells. The TIM-3 transcript level was assessed by real-time RT-PCR and p...

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Natural Killer (NK) cells are potent cytotoxic effector against inducing GBM cells; therefore, NK cell based- immunotherapy might be a promising target GBM. T immunoglobulin mucin family member 3 (TIM3), receptor expressed on cells, has been suggested as marker of dysfunctional cells. We established TI...