BACKGROUND The clinical uses of 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2-CDA) or cladribine which was initially prescribed to patients with hematological and lymphoid cancers is now extended to treat patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous data has shown that 2-CDA has high affinity to the brain and readily passes through the blood brain barrier reaching CSF concentrations 25% of that found in pla...

CDA-2 (cell differentiation agent 2), a urinary preparation, has potent anti- proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties in cancer cells. However, the mechanisms of tumor inhibitory action of CDA-2 are far from clear, and especially there was no report on lung cancer. Here we demonstrate that CDA-2 and its main component phenylacetylglutamine (PG) reduce the metastatic lung tumor growth, and in...

j J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006;13:30–39. DOI 10.1197/jamia.M1888. Clinical Document Architecture, Release One (CDA R1), became an American National Standards Institute (ANSI)– approved Health Level 7 (HL7) Standard in November 2000, representing the first specification derived from the HL7 Reference Information Model (RIM). CDA, Release Two (CDA R2), became an ANSI-approved HL7 standard in May 2...

j J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006;13:30–39. DOI 10.1197/jamia.M1888. Clinical Document Architecture, Release One (CDA R1), became an American National Standards Institute (ANSI)– approved Health Level 7 (HL7) Standard in November 2000, representing the first specification derived from the HL7 Reference Information Model (RIM). CDA, Release Two (CDA R2), became an ANSI-approved HL7 standard in May 2...

In this paper we present a new loop transformation technique called Computation Decomposition and Alignment (CDA). Computation Decomposition rst decomposes the iteration space into ner computation spaces. Computation Alignment subsequently, linearly transforms each computation space independently. CDA is a general framework in that linear transformations and its recent extensions are just speci...

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder of B lymphocytes. Interferons (IFNs), especially of the alpha (alpha) subtype, have shown a significant antitumor effect in HCL patients. However, the therapeutic effect of IFN-alpha is still rather limited. The purine analogue 2-chlorodeoxy-adenosine (2-CdA) was reported recently to be an effective agent in the treatment of HCL. In th...

BACKGROUND Chlorproguanil-dapsone-artesunate (CDA) was developed as an affordable, simple, fixed-dose artemisinin-based combination therapy for use in Africa. This trial was a randomized parallel-group, double-blind, double-dummy study to compare CDA and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) efficacy in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and further define the CDA safety profile, particularly i...

PURPOSE The aims of this study were to characterize the concentration-time course of cladribine (CdA) and its main metabolite 2-chloroadenine (CAde), estimate interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics (PK), and identify covariates explaining variability in the PK of CdA. METHODS This population PK analysis was based on the combined dataset from four clinical studies in patients with mul...

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) explores the role of discourse structures in constituting social inequality. Metaphorical structure, however, has received relatively little attention in explicit CDA. The paper aims to redress this by developing a coherent theoretical framework for CDA and metaphor. This framework adopts conceptual blending theory over conceptual metaphor theory, where the lat...

PURPOSE Because cytidine deaminase (CDA) is the key enzyme in gemcitabine metabolism, numerous studies have attempted to investigate impact of CDA status (i.e. genotype or phenotype) on clinical outcome. To date, data are still controversial because none of these studies has fully investigated genotype-phenotype CDA status, pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome relationships in gemcitabine-trea...