We present a framework for the rational analysis of elemental causal induction – learning about the existence of a relationship between a single cause and effect – based upon causal graphical models. This framework makes precise the distinction between causal structure and causal strength: the difference between asking whether a causal relationship exists and asking how strong that causal relat...

In today’s modern world depression has become a common stress factor among both men and women irrespective of age. But to be specific, it been found that there is strong relationship between diabetes depression. The rate this seems higher much literature suggests us the numbers could increasing in future. Depression may arise due some factors such as comorbidities, improper management blood glu...

This paper is the first to examine the causal relationship between trade openness and government size using both aggregate and disaggregated government expenditure data, including data on social security. Our results indicate that examining the relationship separately for functional categories of government expenditures and based on differences in incomes across countries provide important deta...