Considering corruption as one of the chronic harms of the administrative system,and the social factor affecting economic growth, the present study sought toexplain, for the first time, the differences in the perceived levels of corruptionamong 16 Southwest Asian countries, relying on the sociological “newinstitutionalism” theory in analyzing organizations, describing cau...

Probabilistic graphical models are useful tools for modeling systems governed by probabilistic structure. Bayesian networks are one class of probabilistic graphical model that have proven useful for characterizing both formal systems and for reasoning with those systems. Probabilistic dependencies in Bayesian networks are graphically expressed in terms of directed links from parents to their ch...

Bayesian methods have been developed for learning Bayesian networks from data. Most of this work has concentrated on Bayesian networks interpreted as a representation of probabilistic conditional independence without considering causation. Other researchers have shown that having a causal interpretation can be important, because it allows us to predict the effects of interventions in a domain. ...