Introduction Molecular analysis of human tumors suggests that multiple genetic changes are required for a normal cell to become malignant (1). The multistage nature of carcinogenesis implies that cells which contain one or a few genetic mutations may behave normally; several other genetic insults are required to confer the tumor phenotype. It can be postulated that genetic damage may occur in g...

It is quite remarkable that tamoxifen, a drug that is so effective in the treatment of breast cancer, should have so low a toxicity profile. Since 1971, tamoxifen has been used to treat many millions of patients for periods sometimes in excess of 10 years, in doses sometimes eightfold higher than the usual dose; yet the incidence of serious toxic effects from tamoxifen has been almost negligibl...

The pollution of water bodies with heavy metals can result into the possible contamination freshwater fish. levels Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd were investigated in fish samples (Ameiurus nebulosus, Pylidictis olivaris, Tilapia zilli, Clarias gariepinus) collected from Kwanar-Are dam located at Rimi local government area Katsina State, Nigeria health risks evaluated estimated. mean concentration r...

The study evaluates associated health risks of heavy metals in the soil to inhabitants of two mining areas of Nigeria. For so doing, it collects and analyses nine homogenous soil samples for their lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and chromium levels, using AAS. The samples are then used to calculate health risks to adults and children. For adult population in Agbaja community, the calculated hazard...

Eighty-two soil samples were collected, and As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni were analysed for their concentrations, potential ecological risks and human health risks. The average concentrations of As, Pb, Cd and Zn exceeded their corresponding limits prescribed by the Chinese National Soil Environmental Quality Standard III, while Cu and Ni were far less than prescribed. The potential ecological risk...

The study evaluates associated health risks of heavy metals in the soil to inhabitants of two mining areas of Nigeria. For so doing, it collects and analyses nine homogenous soil samples for their lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and chromium levels, using AAS. The samples are then used to calculate health risks to adults and children. For adult population in Agbaja community, the calculated hazard...