abstract how to cite this article: eryılmaz a, başal y, günel c, ozkul a, tosun a. successful treatment of essential palatal tremor lasting over a long term with a rare application of botulinum toxin in a child. iran j child neurol. autumn 2015;9(4): 75-77. abstract objective attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders. in recent years, t...

purpose : recession is the main surgical procedure in correction of eye deviation in duane’s syndrome. we evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of this type of strabismus instead of surgery or before it. methods : three patients with duane’s syndrome type i and one patient with type ii were selected at poostchi eye clinic from patients who diagnosed primarily and h...

background botulism is a toxin-induced paralytic illness characterized by cranial nerve palsies and descending flaccid paralysis. botulinum toxin is regarded as the most lethal ever-known substance. the diagnosis in sporadic cases and even in small outbreaks is the main physicians’ challenge. the aim of this study was to assess clinical presentations of 80 cases of botulism referred to loghman ...

Alternaria brown spot disease is caused by the alternata tangerine pathotype, which relies on ACT-toxin for infection. At present, all identified biosynthesis-related genes are multi-copy genes. In this study, we summarized advances in important host-specific toxins (HSTs), and listed key required pathogenicity of A. pathotype. Toxin virulence test results revealed that different citrus species...

brown spot disease caused by alternaria alternata (fr.: fr.) keissl is a serious problem forproduction of tangerines and tangerine hybrids in iran. the tangerine pathotype causes brownspot disease on young leaves and immature fruits of limited varieties of mandarins and tangerines(citrus. reticulata blanco). specificity in the interaction between tangerine and the pathogen isdetermined by a hos...

certain strains of staphylococcus aureus produce a toxin which cause epidermal exfoliation within 18 hours after direct subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection into newborn mice. the extracellular product responsible for exfoliation is termed exfoliative toxin (et). in the present studies a modified assay system has been developed for detection of exfoliativeactivity in toxin negative strains...

background: a variety of techniques for the management of spasticity have been suggested, including positioning, cryotherapy, splinting and casting, biofeedback, electrical stimulation, and medical management by pharmacological agents, botulinum toxin a (bta) is now the pharmacological treatment of choice in focal spasticity. bta by blocking acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions acco...