the effects of including incoherent (bound-electron) and coherent (rayleigh) scattering in exposure buildup factor calculations for point isotropic gamma ray sources, penetrating a two-layer water-lead shield have been investigated in the gamma ray energy (e?) range of 40 kev to 3 mev. incoherent scattering decreases the values of these factors in both layers up to e? ~ 200 kev and the effect i...

The mean meridional circulation and midlatitude ozone buildup G. Nikulin and A. Karpechko Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Atmospheric Research Programme, Box 812, SE-98112 Kiruna, Sweden Finnish Meteorological Institute, Arctic Research Centre, Tähteläntie 62, FIN-99600 Sodankylä, Finland Received: 9 May 2005 – Accepted: 26 May 2005 – Published: 30 June 2005 Correspondence to: G. Nikulin (g...

[1] The seismic cycle on a major fault involves long periods of elastic strain and stress accumulation, driven by aseismic ductile deformation at depth, ultimately released by sudden fault slip events. Coseismic slip distributions are generally heterogeneous with most of the energy being released in the rupture of asperities. Since, on the long term, the fault’s walls generally do not accumulat...

Event-related potential correlates of the buildup of precedence effect were examined. Buildup is a type of precedence effect illusion in which perception changes (from hearing two clicks to hearing one click) during a click train. Buildup occurs faster for right-leading than left-leading clicks. Continuous click trains that changed leading sides every 15 clicks were presented. Event-related pot...

One primary objective of endodontic therapy is to establish an adequate seal with the root canal filling material. The placement of an immediate amalgam buildup at obturation, in conjunction with rubber dam isolation, allows an endodontic seal to be extended from the foramen to the cavosurface margin. As a result of this immediate buildup, the length of the seal and the longevity of the endodon...

The inhibitory drive arising from the basal ganglia is thought to prevent the occurrence of orienting movements of the eyes, head, and body in monkeys and other mammals. The direct projection from the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) to the superior colliculus (SC) mediates the inhibition. Since the original experiments in the SNr of monkeys the buildup or prelude neuron has been a focus ...