The mushroom bodies are the higher-order integration center in the insect brain and are involved in higher brain functions such as learning and memory. In the social hymenopteran insects such as honeybees, the mushroom bodies are the prominent brain structures. The mushroom bodies are composed of lobed neuropils formed by thousands of parallel-projecting axons of intrinsic neurons, and the lobe...

Abstract Objective Acquired impairment in social perception (SP) is relatively common following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), with up 39% of these individuals experiencing deficient facial affect recognition. Formal assessment SP not practice, despite evidence this as a predictor functioning. We present the case 35-year-old, Caucasian male new onset paranoid/delusional (P/D) ...

Mutations in the complex gene locus optomotor-blind (omb) can lead to defects in the development of both the optic lobes and external features of the adult fly. We describe here the expression of omb in the developing and adult nervous system using in situ hybridization. During embryogenesis, omb expression is first observed in the optic lobe anlagen. It later expands to a larger part of the de...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the alternations of degree centrality (DC) in the brain of a patient with alternating Horner's syndrome (AHS). METHODS Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 3D structure reconstruction and resting-state functional MRI were performed in a patient with AHS and 8 healthy adults. The DC of brain functional connectivity was calculated and statistically analyzed to ev...

The olfactory lobes of crustaceans and the antennal lobes of insects are the primary olfactory brain centers in Tetraconata. Recent publications considered the apparent lackof olfactory centers in several crustacean and insect taxa and structural differences in the organization of olfactory and antennal lobes as evidence for an independent origin of both brain areas. In depth comparison of spec...

The evolutionary success of Homo sapiens is attributed to the following two factors: the upright body posture (which freed our hands and allowed unconstrained operation of various objects) and intensive development of the frontal lobes, mainly the Broca area of the brain. Underlining the uniqueness of the human brain, we often forget about the fact that the frontal lobes - the most developed pa...

Alcohol directly affects astroglial cell function, including inflammation-related activity.  And it also affects microglial cell development and function in specific ways that interfere with microglial interactions with the immune system and with neurons. Neuroinflammatory processes might be involved in alcohol-induced brain damage. Alcohol use, misuse and getting used to it causes differe...

Abstract The frontal lobes represent a large area, consuming approximately one-third of the cortical surface of the brain. This area is involved directly and indirectly across a wide spectrum of human thought, behavior and emotions. The irony of the frontal lobes may best be described as the area of the brain we know the most about but understand the least. For example, frontal lobe functioning...