Abstract The popularization of Madhva’s realist Vedānta was accompanied by forceful critiques its alleged enemies. Although the movement’s challenges to other Vedāntas has been well studied, sustained engagement with Jainism not. anti-Jain writings followers offer an important but neglected perspective on early history Mādhva and rise power. This article examines polemics influential intellectu...

India’s forests have played an integral role in sustaining its people over many millennia. In addition to an abundance of nutritional, medicinal and subsistence goods, wilderness areas have provided the environment for spiritual and cultural expression of the Indian people. In the pre-British period, the ownership of forests was with the Kings, but the forest regimes were aimed at fair distribu...

The Indo-Persian state secretary has occupied center stage in the emerging discourse on bureaucracy, administration and the political formation of the Mughal state. The status and role of the munsh? (the IndoPersian state secretary) within the Mughal bureaucratic structure in 17th and 18th century have formed the basis of recent historical analysis. Scholarship on the Indo-Persian munsh? have b...

A fter the British conquered Bengal and eventually the whole of India, they set out to administer the colony. In this context they encountered two phenomena with which they were not familiar: (1) the relation of people to land for production (and not for revenue receiving, household living, etc.), and (2) the caste system of India, viz. the jati stratifi cation of society. Soon they realized th...

Hindu adhyatmais ‘consciousness about the soul, its perimeter (time & space), purpose, practices prognosis’. It is not an ism (dogma). a way of life. The scholar termed ‘Brahmana’. Pan globally and historically, scholars are known as incapable physical combat self-defense; require extra mural protection. Post fall Constantinople (c. 1453 A.D.) to Jihadists, Islam (peaceful) went murderously...

The people apanage of Bali know the concept Kasta. Such stratification creates different views between Tri Wangsa and jaba groups. want an acribed status, whereas Sudra or Jaba group achieved which in turn leads to polemics among apanage. As a qualitative study with cultural perspective, this aims reveal analyze more clearly blurring varna system into kasta Balinese Hindu society. Data sources ...

Abstract Brahman cattle are used for crossbreeding due to their maternal ability, heat, and parasite tolerance. displays delayed attainment of puberty compared with taurine breeds. The objective was identify molecular markers in the blood prepubertal heifers bulls that predict early attainment. We hypothesize Brahmans attains have a metabolite signature differs from animals remain prepubertal. ...