The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of 1,068 incident leukemia cases and 5,039 controls aged 20–74 years during 1994–1997 to examine the association between exposure to drinking water chlorination disinfection by-products and adult leukemia risk in Canada. Residence and drinking water source histories and data from municipal water supplies were used to estimate individua...

Electron-rich aromatic C-H bonds undergo regioselective chlorination and bromination in the presence of CuX(2), LiX (X = Cl, Br) and molecular oxygen. Preliminary mechanistic insights suggest that the bromination and chlorination reactions proceed by different pathways.

shortage of water has been a great consideration since ancient times in iran. the yearly average atmospheric precipitation in iran is around 250 mm considering the total area of the country, it can be estimated that our share of water is 420 x 109 per year. due to evaporation and run off to the sea through rivers and infliction it has been estimated the available water can not be more than 120 ...

This paper deals with control of bulking by chlorination in a laboratory-scale (15l/ d) biological nutrient removal system. Bulking was caused by filamentous organisms characteristic of nutrient removal systems, i.e. Type 0092, Microthrix parvicella and Type 0914. Over a continuous dosing period of 19 d, at 8 mgCl2 /gMLSS.d the diluted sludge volume index (DSVI) decreased from 230 to 48 ml/g. N...

The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of 1,068 incident leukemia cases and 5,039 controls aged 20-74 years during 1994-1997 to examine the association between exposure to drinking water chlorination disinfection by-products and adult leukemia risk in Canada. Residence and drinking water source histories and data from municipal water supplies were used to estimate individua...

Many environmental organic chemicals have chloride in their structure. Thus, researching the chlorination mechanism of carbon is of interest. Dioxins are typically concentrated in fly ash collected from the post-combustion zone during the operation of municipal solid waste incinerators. In this study, we report the application of Cl-K near-edge X-ray-absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) in determ...

Despite the widespread use of chlorination for microbial control in aqueous environments, cellular response mechanisms of human pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, against chlorination remain unknown. In this work, genome-wide transcriptional analysis was performed to elucidate cellular response of S. aureusto hypochlorous acid, an active antimicrobial product of chlorination in aqueous s...

Millions of people worldwide enjoy swimming pool activities every year. Traditionally, chlorine-containing chemicals have been used as the sanitizing agent. Some chlorine containing chemicals used include chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite, and chlorinated isocyanurates. These chemicals enter the pool as a concentrated solution, or in the form of hypoc...

The ALBA Booster is a synchrotron designed to accelerate electron beams from 100 MeV to 3GeV in a 3Hz cycle. The maximum pulse coming from the ALBA Linac provides 5 mA in the Booster. In order to check all the Booster sub-systems, a Booster pre-commissioning took place during two weeks in January 2010. This paper presents the Diagnostics elements installed in the ALBA Booster and our experience...