A family is reported in which three generations were affected with eye-winking tics and/or blepharospasm. The proband developed eye-winking tics in childhood and then developed excessive blinking progressing to blepharospasm by the age of 21 years. His mother presented with Meige's syndrome and spasmodic torticollis at the age of 59 years; his uncle had blinked excessively from his early fortie...

BACKGROUNDS Studies have reported that non-motor symptoms are an important component of primary dystonia. However, evidence supporting cognitive impairment in primary dystonia is limited and contradictory. METHODS We applied the Chinese version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to screen for cognitive impairment in patients with pr...

BACKGROUND: Dystonia of the eyelids often spreads to affect other muscles in the craniocervical region. Certain blepharospasm-plus subphenotypes may be clinically unique. METHODS: Seven subjects with the subphenotype of late-onset blepharospasm with apraxia of eyelid opening and cervical dystonia with predominant anterocollis were identified from a database of over 1800 patients with primary d...

We present here case of a 49-year-old female with unilateral left sided blepharospasm and blepharoptosis, bilateral vertical gaze palsy, right hemiparesis and right seventh nerve supranuclear palsy as a manifestation of left thalamic hemorrhage. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of a combination of unilateral blepharospasm and blepharoptosis with bilateral vertical gaze palsy.

Typically, botulinum toxin injections for blepharospasm or cervical dystonia (CD) are administered at approximately 3-month intervals, reflecting concerns that shorter intervals might increase the risk of adverse events (AEs) and development of neutralizing antibodies. These post-hoc analyses investigated flexible incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) injection intervals (6-20 weeks) in patients with b...

We studied the effects of botulinum A toxin in 101 patients with hemifacial spasm and 11 patients with blepharospasm in an open trial and double blind manner. All patients in the open trial and 6 patients in the double blind trial improved after the first injection of botulinum toxin. There was no improvement with placebo. The peak effect ranged from one to 6 days after injection and mean peak ...

1353-8020/$ – see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.08.015 Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is an adult onset focal dystonia that manifests as forced involuntary eyelid closure usually starting between the fifth and the seventh decade [1]. The frequency is rare; affecting around 1 in 20,000 people, where most of the cases are sporadic, approximately...

botulinum toxin produced by clostridium butolinum in one of the most fatal toxins known. botulism is the name given to condition produced by this toxin. in recent years the diluted form of this toxin has been produced in injection form and used for treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm. this toxin blocks neuromuscular junction and inhibits acetylcholine release. in this article we rep...

P hotophobia describes light sensitivity or abnormal intolerance of light. Patients with photophobia avoid light because of pain or discomfort. Photophobia may be reported by individuals with conditions not necessarily affecting the eye. Two such conditions are migraine and benign essential blepharospasm. We have previously demonstrated that patients with migraine or blepharospasm are more ligh...