research findings have shown that birth order and season of birth are related to some of the mental disorders such as schizophrenia, mood disorders. autism, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and substance abuse, and these disorders are related to dopamine level. a retrospective study was designed to investigate 130 substance abusers (119 males and 11 females) which were treated duri...

Alfred Adler IS believed to have first presented his views on birth order in 1918 (2, p. 382). With regard to the first born, Adler held that he is typically more conservative than his later-born siblings, due to the first born's being dethroned by the second child, from his position of the little king of the family. Recent research in the field of specific personality patterns for the various ...