This document allows the reader to examine the development of this paper and attempts to form a Biography of the experiments that led up to the formulation of these ideas and the shaping of this project. When you see that a piece of text or an image is highlighted or boxed in placing you mouse over it will provide you with additional information. Additionally, text surrounded a black box is lin...

The physician of today may be somewhat bewildered in the face of the vast current literature on penicillin and the conflicting views on methods of administration, dosages, and indications. Dr. Fleming and his 28 associates have now provided a most authoritative and yet practical guide-book concerning the place of this agent in medicine. No one will deny that much remains to be learned of penici...

PURPOSE This article reviews the pioneering efforts of Joseph Bell, the model for Sherlock Holmes, in the surgical care of children during the antiseptic era. METHODS I reviewed biographies of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle; the biography of Joseph Bell; his surgical textbook, Edinburgh Medical Journals; and the history of the Royal Edinburgh Hospital for Sick Children. RESULTS Dr Bell was a collea...

This is a brief history of the beginning of the Orientalist studies of hadith, which will shed light on the most prominent works and views Western scholars on hadith, the nature as well as the impact of their outcomes on Muslims and Western worlds. The beginning era of such studies was between 1890 to 1950. In this period, two influential and founding works of Ignatz Goldziher and Josef Schacht...

N early a century ago, Elie Metchnikoff of the Pasteur Institute in Paris proposed that lactic bacteria in fermented milk could promote the development of healthy intestinal microbiota. The consumption of probiotic lactic acid bacteria is useful in maintaining gastrointestinal health and has been used to preserve intestinal integrity and mobility and treat diarrheal diseases. Recent evidence fr...

Cholera: The Biography, by Christopher Hamlin, joins Obesity, Asthma, Hysteria, Diabetes, Thalassaemia, and Down’s Syndrome as part of the Oxford University Press series Biographies of Diseases. As great a read as Tuberculosis (Biographies of Disease) (1), Hamlin’s book does an excellent job of treating a complex subject with scientifi c rigor while also being completely accessible to a lay aud...

D avid Tilman describes himself as both a theoretical and an experimental ecologist. Currently the McKnight Presidential Chair in Ecology and Regents Professor at the University of Minnesota (St. Paul), Tilman has spent his career developing theories of biodiversity and species composition that he has tested in carefully designed and controlled experiments. His work on resource competition in b...

Introduction This essay poses three questions. Why is biography isolated from epistemological debates in political science? Are biographers confined to the archive and the tools of the historian? How do we explain our story? Biographers confront many issues specific to their particular art form (see for example Pimlott 1994, 169-61 and the chapters by Arklay and Bolton in this volume). But they...

RUTH HALL, Marie Stopes. A biography, London, Deutsch, 1977, pp. 351, illus., £5.95. The fascinating story of Marie Stopes (1880-1958) has been told twice before, but this will rank as the best biography of a powerful and extraordinary woman. Mrs. Hall writes well, and by means of the voluminous material available, together with interviews with survivors who were involved, successfully comes to...