When l-dopa use began in the early 1960s for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, nausea and reversible dyskinesias were experienced as continuing side effects. Carbidopa or benserazide was added to l-dopa in 1975 solely to control nausea. Subsequent to the increasing use of carbidopa has been the recognition of irreversible dyskinesias, which have automatically been attributed to l-dopa. The ...

BACKGROUND: Betaine has been shown to be antioxidantand methyl donor effects in our recent studies. OBJECTIVES: Inthe present study, the antioxidant and methyl donor properties ofbetaine in levodopa/benserazide-mediated hyperhomocysteinemiaand levodopa-induced oxidative stress in rat's kidney wereexamined. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley male rats were dividedinto levodopa (LD), Betaine (Bet.), levodop...

background: betaine has been shown to be antioxidantand methyl donor effects in our recent studies. objectives: inthe present study, the antioxidant and methyl donor properties ofbetaine in levodopa/benserazide-mediated hyperhomocysteinemiaand levodopa-induced oxidative stress in rat's kidney wereexamined. methods: sprague-dawley male rats were dividedinto levodopa (ld), betaine (bet.), levodop...

Nearly 1% of all clinically used drugs are catecholics, a family of catechol-containing compounds. Using label-free dynamic mass redistribution and Tango β-arrestin translocation assays, we show that several catecholics, including benserazide, catechol, 3-methoxycatechol, pyrogallol, (+)-taxifolin and fenoldopam, display agonistic activity against GPR35.

The aim of the present study was to examine the kinetic characteristics of thel-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) transporter and the fate of newly formed dopamine in Caco-2 cells. In the presence of 50 μM benserazide (an inhibitor of aromaticl-amino acid decarboxylase), l-DOPA was rapidly accumulated in Caco-2 cells. At equilibrium (30 min of incubation) the intracellular l-DOPA concentratio...

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether Mucuna pruriens (MP), a levodopa-containing leguminous plant growing in all tropical areas worldwide, may be used as alternative source of levodopa for indigent individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) who cannot afford long-term therapy with marketed levodopa preparations. METHODS We investigated efficacy and safety of single-dose intake of MP powder from roas...