We show how to learn causal structure from interventions with unknown effects and/or side effects by adding the intervention variables to the graph and using Bayesian inference to learn the resulting two-layered graph structure. We show that, on a datatset consisting of protein phosphorylation levels measured under various perturbations, learning the targets of intervention results in models th...

In order to properly regulate iterated belief revision, Darwiche and Pearl (1997) model belief revision as revising epistemic states by propositions. An epistemic state in their sense consists of a belief set and a set of conditional beliefs. Although the denotation of an epistemic state can be indirectly captured by a total preorder on the set of worlds, it is unclear how to directly capture t...

Deep belief networks are a powerful way to model complex probability distributions. However, it is difficult to learn the structure of a belief network, particularly one with hidden units. The Indian buffet process has been used as a nonparametric Bayesian prior on the structure of a directed belief network with a single infinitely wide hidden layer. Here, we introduce the cascading Indian buff...

In this paper, we provide a notion of structure preserving maps (i.e. knowledge-belief morphisms) between knowledge-belief spaces. Then we show that under the condition that the knowledge operators of the players in a knowledge-belief space operate only on measurable subsets of the space there is a unique (up to isomorphism) universal knowledge-belief space to which every knowledge-belief space...

It is well-known that eliminating repeated states is essential for efficient search of state-space AND-OR graphs. The same technique has been found useful for searching beliefstate AND-OR graphs, which arise in nondeterministic partially observable planning problems and in partially observable games. Whereas physical states are viewed by search algorithms as atomic and admit only equality tests...

unlike teacher beliefs, there has been a dearth of study regarding efl learner beliefs. the reason can be that horwitz (1987) and the existing literature has predominantly been in an esl context. the present study reports the development and validation of a scale to measure the learner beliefs about language learning in iranian efl contexts. using a combination of verbal creativity method, inte...

The structure of beliefs about the nature of homosexuality, and their association with antigay attitudes, were examined in three studies (Ns = 309, 487, and 216). Contrary to previous research, three dimensions were obtained: the belief that homosexuality is biologically based, immutable, and fixed early in life; the belief that it is cross-culturally and historically universal; and the belief ...

Most existing approaches to belief revision describe the behaviour of a highly idealized rational agent. In operations of belief change for more realistic agents, usually only a small part of an agent's beliefs is accessed at one time. This should be taken into account if we are looking for cognitively more appropriate operations. Furthermore, it makes implementation more feasible. In this pape...

This paper considers an interdependent-value robust mechanism design problem, where the principal has little knowledge about agent’s belief. Although ex post incentive-compatible (EPIC) mechanisms can implement allocations without any belief, we show that, under a certain condition (order-reversing interdependence), there exists non-EPIC that achieves strictly higher expected revenue than EPIC ...