The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complexnet of several techniques. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being hitplant Symbioticorganisms. additionally behave as low cost, powerful and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in numerouspatho-systems, have minimum effectat the soil equilibrium do now no longer impair beneficial...

Here, we use a loss-of-function approach to demonstrate that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MPK6 plays a role in resistance to certain pathogens. MPK6-silenced Arabidopsis showed no apparent morphological phenotype or reduced fertility, indicating MPK6 is not required for development. However, resistances to an avirulent strain of Peronospora para...

Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits avoidance behavior when presented with diverse bacterial pathogens. We hypothesized that exposure to pathogens might not only cause worms to move away but also simultaneously activate pathways that promote resistance to the pathogen. We show that brief exposure to virulent or avirulent strains of the bacterial pathogen enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) "immunizes"C...

The actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in plant defense against pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. Actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are stimulus responsive actin cytoskeleton modulators. However, there is limited evidence linking ADFs with plant defense against pathogens. In this study, we have isolated and functionally characterized a stress-responsive ADF gene (TaADF3) from whe...

Matthew B. Thomas*, Emma L. Watson and Pablo ValverdeGarcia Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College, Wye, Kent TN25 5AH, UK Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, UK Entomologı́a Agrı́cola, Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Agrı́colas y Forestales, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Apartado 3048, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s ⁄n, 14080 Cordoba, ...

Soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) respond to pathogens by producing isoflavonoid-derived phytoalexins. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the first enzyme of the flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway. We investigated changes in the steady state levels of CHS mRNA and other specific mRNAs at increasing times after inoculation in two different race-specific interactions, one between leaves and the ...

Abstract Plant responses to pathogens comprise a complex process, implying plethora of signals and reactions. Among them, endogenous production hydrogen cyanide (HCN) has been shown induce resistance in Arabidopsis the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. ?-cyanoalanine synthase (CAS-C1) is responsible for detoxification HCN mitochondria. Here, we show that gre...

Unlike most intracellular pathogens that gain access into host cells through endocytic pathways, Toxoplasma gondii initiates infection at the cell surface by active penetration through a moving junction and subsequent formation of a parasitophorous vacuole. Here, we describe a noncanonical pathway for T. gondii infection of macrophages, in which parasites are initially internalized through phag...

Plants can be infected by a variety of pathogens, most of which can cause severe economic losses. The plants resist the invasion of pathogens via the innate or acquired immune system for surviving biotic stress. The associations between plants and pathogens are sophisticated beyond imaging and the interactions between them can occur at a very early stage after their touching each other. A numbe...

Avirulent strains of Salmonella typhimurium are being considered as antigen delivery vectors. During its intracellular stage in the host, S. typhimurium resides within a membrane-bound compartment and is not an efficient inducer of class I-restricted immune responses. Viral epitopes were successfully delivered to the host-cell cytosol by using the type III protein secretion system of S. typhimu...