An experimental infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) was carried out in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) in order to study clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and viral distribution in tissues and viral shedding. Birds were infected with a HPAIV subtype H7N1 (A/Chicken/Italy/5093/1999) and a LPAIV subtyp...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses cause viraemia and systemic infections with virus replication in internal organs and muscles; in contrast, low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses produce mild infections with low mortality rates and local virus replication. There is little available information on the ability of LPAI viruses to cause viraemia or on the presence of avian...

Avian influenza virus can be divided into two groups, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAI) based on their difference in virulence. To investigate if the difference in clinical outcome between LPAI and HPAI in chickens is due to immunological host responses in the lung within the first 24 hours post infection (hpi), chickens were infected...

avian influenza is an important disease of poultry with the potential to cause major epidemics resulting in significant economic losses. the presence of avian influenza viruses (aiv) in chickens in iran has not been previously reported. an avian influenza outbreak in broiler, layer and breeder farms occurred during a very hot summer in july 1998. three aiv isolates designated as 101, 102 and 10...

abstract : avian influenza virus (aiv) infection is a major cause of influenza mortality in birds and can cause human mortality and morbidity. although the risk of infection with avian influenza virus (aiv) is generally low for most people, the pathogenic virus can cross the species barrier and acquires the ability to infect and be transmitted among the human population; therefore the rapid ide...

BACKGROUND In case of influenza pandemic, a robust, easy and clean technique to prepare reassortants would be necessary. OBJECTIVES Using reverse genetics, we prepared two vaccine reassortants (A/H5N1 x PR8 and A/H7N1 x PR8) exhibiting the envelope glycoproteins from non-pathogenic avian viruses, A/Turkey/Wisconsin/68 (A/H5N9) and A/Rhea/New Caledonia/39482/93 (A/H7N1) and the internal protei...

BACKGROUND In recent years, several avian influenza subtypes (H5, H7 and H9) have transmitted directly from birds to man, posing a pandemic threat. OBJECTIVES We have investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a cell based candidate pandemic influenza H7 vaccine in pre-clinical animal models. METHODS Mice and ferrets were immunised with two doses of the split virus vaccine (...

Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in poultry and their threatening zoonotic consequences emphasize the need for effective control measures. Although vaccination of poultry against avian influenza provides a potentially attractive control measure, little is known about the effect of vaccination on epidemiologically relevant parameters, such as transmissibility ...

BACKGROUND The availability of a universal influenza vaccine able to induce broad cross-reactive immune responses against diverse influenza viruses would provide an alternative to currently available strain-specific vaccines. We evaluated the ability of vectors based on modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing conserved influenza proteins to protect mice against lethal challenge with mul...

Influenza is a highly contagious zoonotic disease in the world. Avian H9N2 influenza virus is a significant pandemic pathogen widely distributed throughout the world. Pet ownership has been documented as a risk factor for infection transmission to human. Considering major public health concern, the prevalence of antibodies against avian H9N2 influenza virus was evaluated in 170 serum samples of...