In this paper, we examine the avalanche characteristics of private-key block ciphers constructed using a DES-like architecture. Avalanche is a desirable cryptographic property that is necessary to ensure that a small diierence between two plaintexts results in a seemingly random diierence between the two corresponding ciphertexts. In order to examine the behaviour of DES-like ciphers in relatio...

Avalanche education has become widely available in the United States, and yet trained recreationists continue to comprise over a third of avalanche victims. Does avalanche education really make a difference? This study investigated the relationship between avalanche education and victim behavior in 344 recreational U.S. accidents, and found that victims with more avalanche training did in fact ...

A non-Abelian and stochastic self organized criticality model has been proposed in which each avalanche contains one stochastic site and all remaining sites in the avalanche are deterministic. Studies of avalanche structures, waves and size moments showed the shell-like avalanche structures, correlated waves within avalanches and complex size moments. We may assert that the model shows multifra...

A multitude of systems ranging from the Barkhausen effect in ferromagnetic materials to plastic deformation and earthquakes respond to slow external driving by exhibiting intermittent, scale-free avalanche dynamics or crackling noise. The avalanches are power-law distributed in size, and have a typical average shape: these are the two most important signatures of avalanching systems. Here we sh...

Abstract — This paper develops analytical models for the avalanche characteristics of a class of block ciphers usually referred to as substitution-permutation encryption networks or SPNs. An SPN is considered to display good avalanche characteristics if a one bit change in the plaintext input is expected to result in close to half the ciphertext output bits changing. Good avalanche characterist...

A fine analysis of the statistics of dry granular avalanches in a rotating drum setup reveals that, beyond the fluctuations, the angle at which an avalanche ends is correlated experimentally to the angle at which the avalanche starts. This correlation resulting from inertia defines an intermediate "neutral" angle that characterizes the corresponding granular pile. In addition, an intensive stud...

A regional study of snow avalanche processes was undertaken in the SE Pyrenees. Dendrogeomorphology was used to date and reconstruct large-scale snow avalanche events that occurred in the last four decades. Dendrochronological analyses yielded the dates of nine winters when avalanches occurred in the recent past in six studied avalanche paths. Some of these avalanches were already known, but ot...

This paper presents two avalanche forecasting applications NXD2000 and NXD-REG which were developed at the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF). Even both are based on the nearest neighbour method they are targeted to different scales. NXD2000 is used to forecast avalanches on a local scale. It is operated by avalanche forecasters responsible for snow safety at snow spo...

After the avalanche winter of 1999 in Switzerland, which caused 17 deaths and damage of over CHF 600 mill. in buildings and on roads, the project IFKIS, aimed at improving the basics of organizational measures (closure of roads, evacuation etc.) in avalanche risk management, was initiated. The three main parts of the project were the development of a compulsory checklist for avalanche safety se...