This paper investigates the avalanche photodiode (APD) gain effect on spectral-amplitude coding optical code-division multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA) system using a modified-AND subtraction detection in comparison to the conventional AND detection scheme. Analytical results are presented to investigate the APD gain impact on the bit-error rate (BER) performance. In addition, we confirm the influenc...

Avalanche photodiode detectors have and will continue to be used in many diverse applications such as laser range finders and photon correlation studies. This paper discusses APD structures, critical performance parameters and the excess noise factor.

Avalanche photodiode detectors have and will continue to be used in many diverse applications such as laser range finders and photon correlation studies. This paper discusses APD structures, critical performance parameters and the excess noise factor.

It is well known that the gain–bandwidth product of an avalanche photodiode can be increased by utilizing a thin multiplication region. Previously, measurements of the excess noise factor of InP–InGaAsP–InGaAs avalanche photodiodes with separate absorption and multiplication regions indicated that this approach could also be employed to reduce the multiplication noise. This paper presents a sys...

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Current techniques used to image gene expression in vivo use invasive surgical procedures or harmful gamma rays to analyze tissue. Optical imaging of tissue is difficult because the majority of light is absorbed by tissue. In the near infrared (NIR) region, however, absorption of light decreases and it is possible to “see” through tissue. Though absorption is minimal in the near infrared region...