Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is caused by heat loss and water loss through respiration during exercise, leading to mediator release in the airways and to increased parasympathetic nervous activity in the airways, thereby causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and increased bronchial secretions as well as vasodilation in the bronchial vessels. Development of asthma and bronchial...

The current diagnosis of overreaching and overtraining is based on exclusion. In the present paper, four possible confirmative tools have been examined in three female speed skaters between 16 and 19 years old. A nonfunctional overreached (NFO) athlete, an athlete who was recovering from NFO and a healthy athlete were examined. The NFO athlete showed high stress and low regeneration levels at t...

background: the present study examines the effects of iranian traditional music and western classical music during 20 min of pedaling on an ergometer, along with the normal factors of profile of mood states and rate of perceived exertion. methods: seventeen non-athlete participants (11 men and six women) with a mean age of 26±1.5 cycled in three conditions: exposure to iranian traditional music...

I wanT To monITor my aThleTe buT where do I sTarT? Given the relationships among athlete workloads, injury and performance, athlete monitoring has become critical in the high-performance sporting environment. Sports medicine and science staff have a suite of monitoring tools available to track how much ‘work’ an athlete has performed, the response to that ‘work’ and whether the athlete is in a ...

This article concerns physical activity and sports in asthmatic adolescents. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is found in 8-10% of the normal child population and in ∼35% of children with current asthma, as reported in a population-based birth cohort study. The mechanisms of EIA are related to markedly increased ventilation during exercise, which causes increased heat and water loss through respir...

BACKGROUND The frequency and severity of kidney injuries and their impact on return to play in American football has not been described in the literature. PURPOSE Our objective is to identify the number of kidney injuries in the National Football League (NFL) and the effect of these injuries. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS All kidney injuries in the NFL from 1986 ...

BACKGROUND Cheerleaders suffer nearly half of catastrophic injuries observed in female scholastic athletes in the United States. However, incidence of noncatastrophic injury in this population has not been described. HYPOTHESIS Coach, athlete, and injury circumstance variables may predict the injury rate among cheerleaders. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS The authors investigated...

The main purpose of the present study was to calculate the probability-based on a Bayesian approach-to win a medal in the Olympic Games given the athlete is seeded and to verify if the number one ranked athlete has any advantage compared to other seeded athletes concerning his/her chances to be Olympic champion. For this, data from athletes who took part in the London 2012 and Rio 2016 Olympic ...

CCL11, a protein previously associated with age-associated cognitive decline, is observed to be increased in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) compared to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using a cohort of 23 deceased American football players with neuropathologically verified CTE, 50 subjects with neuropathologically diagnosed AD, and 18 non-athlete con...