Background: For several centuries, there has been a debate about the dimensions of intellectual property to support the thinkers of society and prevent their exploitation. Unfortunately, this invisible and powerful asset is increasingly vulnerable. Therefore, establishing favorable regulations, guaranteeing proper criminal enforcement and effective enforcement of laws in order to protect these ...

Protection buyers share risk with protection sellers, whose assets are only imperfectly pledgeable because of moral hazard. To mitigate moral hazard, privately optimal contracts involve variation margins. When margins are called, protection sellers must sell some of their assets to other investors. We analyse, in a general equilibrium framework, whether this leads to ine¢ cient …re sales. If ma...

Economists have long recognized that regulation is an imperfect solution to market failure. Do the inefficiencies of regulation outweigh the inefficiencies of market failure? In this paper, we develop a stylized model of a monopolist offering two services, one more widely demanded than the other. We compare aggregate surplus from unregulated monopoly with aggregate surplus from a median voter m...

One of the most important goals of disaster management teams is to protect the assets and infrastructures of the community in the event of accidents such as wildfires and floods. This issue requires appropriate operations of all disaster management teams and analysis of available information for suitable decision making and consequently timely response. A mixed integer mathematical model is pre...

Aim: Wastewater is generated in the daily activities of population. In order to ensure continuous treatment wastewater, we maintain wastewater network system and operate plants. The position condition plants plays an important role maintaining safety society, since untreated may cause significant health environmental problems if it released into environment. aim this article examine complex pro...

Conventional digital libraries utilize access control and digital watermarking techniques to protect their digital content. These methods, however, have drawbacks. First, after passing the identity authentication process, authorized users can easily redistribute the digital assets. Second, it is impractical to expect a digital watermarking scheme to prevent all kinds of attack. Thus, how to enf...