In this paper I propose an account of representation for scientific models based on Kendall Walton’s ‘make-believe’ theory of representation in art. I first set out the problem of scientific representation and respond to a recent argument due to Craig Callender and Jonathan Cohen, which aims to show that the problem may be easily dismissed. I then introduce my account of models as props in game...

from the perspective of experts, custom as moral rules binding takesplace in source of law. however, clarify its position in constitutional lawneeds to know history of custom presence in basic documents which governon human societies. known dividing constitutions into two main categories,codified and customary, only will be clarified part of the extensive.because above division, as many experts...

Perceived risk and related attitudes have been implicated as major factors in many of the difficult policy problems that face modern society (nuclear power, genetically modified food, etc). Experts often argue that no or very small risks are involved; people are still worried. Why? The standard answer is lack of trust. Data on trust and risk perception, however, point to only a weak relationshi...

An algorithm is presented for online prediction that allows to track the best expert efficiently even if the number of experts is exponentially large, provided that the set of experts has a certain structure allowing efficient implementations of the exponentially weighted average predictor. As an example we work out the case where each expert is represented by a path in a directed graph and the...

dispute between contractor and broker over “the type and attribute of the wage” in contract leads to a controversy which many imamiehreligious experts believe that has no result but “bilateral oath-taking”. most important criteria of selecting bilateral oath-taking are: simultaneous positioning of contractor and broker in accuser and denier position, lack of common ground between the two sides ...