1. What is Memetics? 2. The State and Status of Memetics 3. Memetic Engineering in Human Societies 4. Memetic Engineering and Artificial Societies 5. What are Artificial Societies? 6. Memes in Artificial Societies 7. Evolutionary Game Theory Models 8. Memetic Models of Cultural Change 8.1. The Axelrod Cultural Model 8.2. The Swap Shop Model 8.3. The Open-Mind Model 8.4. The Stereotypes Model 9....

Background: Carpet weaving is an occupation that requires sufficient and appropriate lighting. The lighting in carpet weaving workshops affects the productivity and the physical and mental health of workers. Therefore, the evaluation of the illumination and the identification of work stations requiring lighting modifications will be helpful in promotion of the health and safety of workers in ca...

Creativity, whether or not it is computational, doesn’t occur in a vacuum, it is a situated, embodied activity that is connected with cultural, social, personal and physical contexts. Artificial creative systems are computational models that attempt to capture personal, social and cultural aspects of human creativity. The physical embodiment of artificial creative systems presents significant c...

The claim that human culture evolves through the differential adoption of cultural variants, in a manner analogous to the evolution of biological species, has been greeted with much resistance and confusion. Here we demonstrate that as compelling a case can now be made that cultural evolution has key Darwinian properties, as Darwin himself presented for biological evolution in The Origin of Spe...

Reviewed here are recent attempts to produce protein-based artificial oxygen carriers ("blood substitutes"). Most of these involve chemical or physical modifications on hemoglobin, although a recent line of research using hemerythrin instead of hemoglobin is also described. The focus is set on the extent to which these modifications alter the redox reactivity of the proteins, and on ways in whi...

Although cultural evolution clearly outpaces genetic evolution in the natural world due to its higher rates of reproduction, recombination and selection, it does so built on biological foundations. In the natural world, cultural change takes place in minutes, days, years or decades, whereas genetic change takes at least a decade and a half. In the natural and cultural worlds the media of evolut...