This rare disease of cartilage in infants has been recorded under various names since it was first described by Langhans (I893). Amongst these are chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita, chondrodystrophia punctata, stippled epiphyses, foetal epiphyseal calcinosis, chondrodystrophia calcarea, chondroangiopathia calcarea seu punctata, and chondrodystrophia hypoplastica calcinosa. Conradi (1914) ...

Successful DNA isolation is a critical step in molecular studies of symbiotic fungi including plant pathogens, mycorrhizal fungi, endophytic fungi and lichen-forming fungi. Whereas standard isolation protocols are usually the straightforward approach if axenic cultures are available, it is problematic to isolate DNA from fungi that grow in intricate associations with some other organisms. If th...

Abstract Lichens are symbiotic associations resulting from interactions among fungi (primary and secondary mycobionts), algae and/or cyanobacteria photobionts), specific elements of the bacterial microbiome associated with lichen thallus. The question what is a species, both concerning as whole its main fungal component, primary mycobiont, has faced many challenges throughout history reached ne...