Nondestructive testing (NDT) of historic structures can be used for architectural archaeology, structural stability analysis, or materials characterization. Four types of physical probes are available: sound, penetrating radiation, visible light, and electromagnetism. Each of these can be utilized in several ways. Additional options involve hybrid techniques that combine probe methods. Widespre...

a bstr act I present and evaluate various criticisms against the view that architecture and architectural value are to be understood solely in terms of internal space. I conclude that the architectural value of a building should not be limited to its internal spatial effects because the value of other elements, such as (non­spatial) function, materials, ornamentation, and so on cannot all be re...

the handmade subterranean architectural structure is a special kind of architecture that is in its creation does not require any construction materials but it needs many efforts and hard working to be produced the different types of this kind are visible in the different parts of iran. a unique collection of this type of architecture is the troglodytic architectural complex of samen, located ab...

The article provides an overview of research on the specifics use and composition restoration materials solutions at different stages work. need is shown for development domestic that improve quality restoration, long-term preservation restored object during operation provide possibility choice in relation to each task. literature review gives work architectural monuments are given, which depen...