To better understand mechanisms that limit rAAV transduction in the lung, we have evaluated several unique features of rAAV infection in polarized primary airway epithelial cultures. rAAV was found to transduce the basolateral surface of airway epithelia 200-fold more efficiently than the apical membrane. These differences in membrane infection correlated with the abundance of apical heparan su...

Localized synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)] at clathrin coated pits (CCPs) is crucial for the recruitment of adaptors and other components of the internalization machinery, as well as for regulating actin dynamics during endocytosis. PtdIns(4,5)P(2) is synthesized from phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate by any of three phosphatidylinositol 5-kinase type I (PIP5K...

The amounts of apical enlargement have been a controversial issue for a long time. The enlargement of the apical part of the canal may severely impact the endodontic prognosis. Enlargement of the apical portion to a larger size may negatively affect the ability to control the filling material during root canal obturation. In addition, an open-apex increases the risk for overfilling which has be...

Intestinal cholesterol absorption is modulated by transport proteins in enterocytes. Cholesterol uptake from intestinal lumen requires several proteins on apical brush-border membranes, including Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), scavenger receptor B-I, and CD36, whereas two ATP-binding cassette half transporters, ABCG5 and ABCG8, on apical membranes work together for cholesterol efflux back to ...

Left ventricular (LV) twist is thought to play an important role in cardiac function. However, how twist affects systolic or diastolic function is not understood in detail. We acquired apical and basal short-axis images of dogs undergoing open-chest procedures (n = 15) using a GE Vivid 7 at baseline and during the use of an apical suction device (Starfish) to limit apical rotation. We measured ...

In the clinical practice, it is much more efficient to use NiTi rotary files compared to hand instrumentation. However, misuse of NiTi rotary files can result in procedural errors such as transportation, ledge, perforation, and file separation. Generally, following suggestions could be considered to avoid these errors. 1. Enlarge the coronal half of the root canal before preparing the apical pa...

Objectives Adequate knowledge about canal anatomy is necessary for clinicians to prevent any damage to the periodontium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the canal and apical complexities of the mandibular first and second premolars in an Iranian population. Methods One-hundred mandibular first (n=50) and second (n=50) premolars were collected. After access cavity preparation, 2% methylen...