Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a powerful technique to quantify gene expression. To standardize gene expression studies and obtain more accurate qRT-PCR analysis, normalization relative to consistently expressed housekeeping genes (HKGs) is required. In this study, ten candidate HKGs including elongation factor 1 α (EF1A), ribosomal protein L11(RPL11), ribosomal protein L14(RPL14), rib...

searching efficiency and handling time are two major components of functional response and are usually used to evaluate effectiveness of natural enemies. the effect of different foraging periods on the functional response of larval aphidoletes aphidimyza (rondani) (dip.: cecidomyiidae) feeding on third instar nymphs of aphis craccivora was studied. the experiment was conducted in terms of time-...

reducing nitrogen status of floriculture plants is an effective tactic in pest management by decreasing host plant quality. life table parameters and population growth rate of aphis craccivora(hemiptera: aphidiae), as well as cosmetic and qualitative parameters losses associated with aphid infestation were evaluated in relation to n fertilization levels on gomphrena globosa, under greenhouse co...

The impact of pests and diseases on agricultural crops has been amplified due to global environmental changes, resulting in an estimated adverse effect 1.4 trillion dollars, which is approximately 5% the world's gross domestic product. Research was conducted various species parasitic entomophages, such as Aphidius matricaria Hal, gifuensis Ashm, Lysiphlebus japonica Tokawa, ervi fabarum Marsh, ...