Anthraquinone compounds are one of the abundant polyphenols found in fruits, vegetables, and herbs. However, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms of anthraquinones have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the activity of anthraquinones using acute inflammatory and nociceptive experimental conditions. Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-an...

Three anthraquinones--emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion--were successfully purified from the dichloromethane extract of the Chinese medicinal herb Rumex japonicus by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The extract was separated with n-hexane-ethanol-water (18:22:3, v/v/v) as the two-phase solvent system and yielded 3.4 mg of emodin, 24.1 mg of chrysophanol, and 2.0 mg of physcio...

2-acetyl physcion (2-acetyl-1,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone, 2), a rare anthraquinone, was isolated from Senna macranthera var. nervosa (Vogel) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae). The chemical structure was elucidated and all (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts were assigned by NMR one- ((1)HNMR, {(1)H}-(13)CNMR, and APT-(13)CNMR) and two (COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC) dimensional...

Eggs of leaf beetles of the tribe Galerucini, subfamily Galerucinae, contain polyketides that are unusual in insects: 1,8-dihydroxylated anthraquinones (chrysazin, chrysophanol) and anthrones (dithranol, chrysarobin) deterring predators. The host plants do not contain these compounds. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the beetles, but not bacterial or fungal microorganisms liv...

An efficient method is described for the first time reductive aza-Claisen rearrangement of 1-(N-allylamino) anthraquinones to 1-amino-2-(prop-2?-enyl)anthraquinones using zinc powder in 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Hmim] BF4) as an ionic liquid good excellent yields. Extending this on 1-(N-propargylamino)anthraquinones causes production 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphtho[2,3-h]quinoline-7,12-...

[2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions of 1,2-bis(propiolyl)benzenes with monoalkynes were effectively catalysed by Cp*RuCl(cod) under mild conditions to give substituted anthraquinones in moderate to high yields.

Heterophyllaea pustulata (Rubiaceae) a South American genus, is a phototoxic shrub that grows in the Andean mountain range of the northwest of Argentina. Animals that ingest the aerial parts of this plant suffer a typical primary photosensitization reaction, clinically revealed by dermatitis and blindness in severe cases. The chemical investigation of H. pustulata established the presence of se...

Chrysophanol and islandicin, two anthraquinones which are structurally related to emodin, were found to be frame-shift mutagens for Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 1537 after metabolic activation.